Causes And Solutions Of Food Insecurity - 1235 Words

INTRODUCTION This report will explore the impacts, causes and solutions of food insecurity and other contextual factors relating to Chad’s economic and financial crisis. STATEMENT OF FINDINGS Food security exists when everyone in the population has access to enough nutritious food to live an active and health life. In Chad there is no food security, because not everyone has enough food to eat. In fact, according to World Food Program 25-34.9% of Chad is undernourished. Chad is Africa’s 5th largest nation, known for its sacred Chad Lake. It has seven neighbouring countries whom are Sudan, Niger, Libya, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Nigeria and Darfur. Altogether they are all resided in North-East Africa. Currently, Chad has 14 million populations and 14.28 deaths occur in every 1000 people. Sadly, Chad has the 6th highest death rate in the world. The life expectancy for females is only 52.7 years and the male life expectancy is 50.8 years. In comparison to Germany, Chad’s longevity statistics has a tremendous differ in the life expectancy, incomes and health care by at least 48%. At the moment, Chad’s citizens have a low income, a loss of education and an alarming lack of health care. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), only 40.2% of the population can read and write. In addition, not only do Chad lack education, but only 87.9% have access to sanitation facilities and there is only 36% school enrolment within the country. Some major contextual factorShow MoreRelatedCauses And Solutions Of Food Insecurity1149 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION This report will explore the impacts, causes and solutions of food insecurity and other contextual factors relating to Chad’s economic and financial crisis. STATEMENT OF FINDINGS Food security exists when everyone in the population has access to enough nutritious food to live an active and health life. In Chad there is no food security, because not everyone has enough food to eat. In fact, according to World Food Program 25-34.9% of Chad is undernourished. Chad is Africa’s 5th largestRead MoreWhat Are the Main Causes of Food Insecurity in the World Today?1656 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the main causes of food insecurity in the world today? Outline and evaluate 2 or 3 possible solutions to food insecurity problems Currently, millions of people across the globe suffer from under-nutrition and hunger. In 2007, the UN (United Nations) estimated that there are approximately 850 million people who suffer undernourishment in the world today. It also reported that 799 million undernourished people live in developing countriesRead MoreMain Causes of Food Insecurity1680 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the main causes of food insecurity in the world todayï ¼Å¸ Outline and evaluate 2 or 3 possible solutions to food insecurity problems. Introduction World Food Summit defines food security as: â€Å"Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life†. (World Food Summit, 1996) On the contrary, the food insecurity means the situation people whoRead MoreEnvironmental Scarcity And Food Insecurity786 Words   |  4 PagesA. According to the FAO estimation, there are 840 million undernourished people in the world, and 95% of them are from developing countries. B. Environmental scarcity and food insecurity are critical factors that intensify the issue of malnutrition among people in most developing countries. C. d. Evidence health issue: - protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) refers to a form of malnutrition where there is lack of calories and protein intake. There are two kinds of PEM: the nutritional edema andRead MoreChild Hunger in the USA Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are many people that cant afford to buy food for their families, many are also homeless. â€Å"While hunger affects people of all ages, its particularly devastating for children even short-term episodes of hunger can cause lasting damage.(â€Å"Child Nutrition Programs) Child hunger in the United States is caused by poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, and food shortage; however there are many solutions to this problem like FRAC strategies, food banks, summer feeding programs, and backpack feedingRead MoreEssay on Poverty in America: Hungry Children1601 Words   |  7 Pagespoor people in this country that cant afford to buy food for their families; many are homeless. â€Å"While hunger affects people of all ages, its particularly deva stating for children even short-term episodes of hunger can cause lasting damage (â€Å"Child Nutrition Programs). Child hunger in the United States is caused by poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, and food shortage; however there are many solutions to this problem like FRAC strategies, food banks, summer feeding programs, and backpack feedingRead MoreFood Security Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pages Background: Food security is the access to safe food that is good for the body and promotes a healthy life. Food security includes having food available in sufficient quantities, having food access meaning that you can obtain it easily, utilization of food, and the stabilization that food brings. About 850 million people do not get enough to eat. That is 1 in 8 people that are hungry. 3.1 million children under 5 years old die because they were hungry and didn’t have enough food security. Sub-SaharanRead MoreThe Rights Of Human Rights1599 Words   |  7 Pagesdoubt that throughout history women have been, and are still inferior in many countries. With a population of over 7 billion people on this planet, there are 795 million people who go to bed hungry every night (WFP). The solutions that we’ve put implemented thus far to improve food security have not been sustainable. Human Rights, as defined by the United Nations are, â€Å"rights inherent to all human beings [...] We are al l equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights areRead MoreThe Food Security Is Defined By The World Health Organization 20151749 Words   |  7 PagesFood security is defined as ‘when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life’ (The World Food Summit 1996, quoted by The World Health Organization 2015). Thus food insecurity is any situation that deviates from this definition. The research for this report was carried out in Todmorden, West Yorkshire and focused on Incredible Edible, a local food growing and campaigning group. The organisation is run by volunteers, and their aimRead MoreObesity : Childhood Hunger And Poverty1146 Words   |  5 Pagesa wealthy nation, yet 10.6% of households with children (4.2 million) suffer from food insecurity [1]. Low-income households are also much more likely than others to suffer from childhood hunger, caused by a recurrent or involunt ary lack of food. The USDA defines food insecurity as â€Å"limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways† [2]. Yet, obesity of children in America has become a

Values and Morals in A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt...

Values and Morals in A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt In the play A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt the audience learns about the extraordinary life of Sir Thomas More. Sir Thomas is faced with a moral dilemma that will determine the outcome of his life. More, chancellor of England , and a strong Christian believer is forced to choose between his close friend, King Henry VIII, and the supreme lord his God. More is a man of moral integrity because he refuses to submit to external pressures to sign the oath condoning the Act of Supremacy. He follows his heart and soul in doing what he believes to be right no matter what the consequence. More is told by King Henry VIII to sign the Act of Supremacy. The Act gives Henry VIII full†¦show more content†¦Despite what many may think, More would rather not get involved or influence the life of the king concerning the divorce. To most people signing the oath is a minor thing. It is something that should be done to appease the King , despite personal beliefs. However, for More his decision to sign the oath must be based on his beliefs. If he were to sign the oath he would lose all self respect. The audience learns this when he says I neither could nor would rule my King. But theres a little...little, area...where I must rule myself. Its very little-less to him than a tennis court.(Bolt, p 59). More is a man of principles and he will not compromise these principles. According to Sir Thomas if a man is prepared to take an oath then he must stand by that oath. However, in this case the signing of the oath would compromise these principles and therefore he can not sign. He displays this view when he says, When a man takes an oath, Meg, hes holding his own self in his own hands. Like water... (Bolt, p 140) More goes on to explain that he can not doubt his soul. If he were to go against his moral conscience, in a sense he would be killing his soul, and without the soul there is nothing. Mores conscience is extremely important to him. He could not live with himself if he were to go against his conscience. To sign theShow MoreRelatedThe s Dramatic Presentation Of Sir Thomas More As A Common, Heroic Man For All Seasons1273 Words   |  6 PagesSir Thomas More as a Common, yet Heroic Man Robert Oxton Bolt was an English teacher at a prestigious private school and wrote plays and scripts for radio dramas. The success came in 1957 with the play â€Å"Cherry Blossom† and allowed the young playwright to leave the teaching profession and to concentrate on work. His next play, â€Å"Man for All Seasons,† dedicated to the life of the famous statesman Sir Thomas More became very popular in the theatrical world. Bolt is a follower of Brechtian epic theaterRead MoreA Man For All Seasons By Robert Bolt1278 Words   |  6 PagesThe book â€Å"A Man for All Seasons,† by Robert Bolt is a play written to teach us a few important lessons about life. He wrote A Man for All Seasons in 1960, and the play was mounted on the London stage that same year and in New York in 1961. The themes that Bolt uses in writing this play are moral values, self, friendship, and corruption. Moral values are when a character respects his own opinion about something. Self and friendsh ip are the relationships built between characters and how that affectsRead MoreEssay on Corruption in the Play â€Å"a Man for All Seasons†1738 Words   |  7 PagesCorruption in the play â€Å"A Man For All Seasons† The main plot in the play â€Å"A Man For All Seasons† by Robert Bolt is corruption, more specifically political corruption. While the play focuses heavily on the social demise, and moral strength of the character Thomas More. It also covers the inverse process with other characters, such as; Richard Rich, Thomas Cromwell, and the king of England Henry VIII. In the play Thomas More stands as a beacon of selfhood and virtue, while the other three men usedRead MoreA Man For All Season And Machiavellis Doctrine: Reiteration Of History1881 Words   |  8 Pages A Man For All Seasons, a play written by Robert Bolt, in essence is both a moral play and a historical play. Sir Thomas More, a man of the greatest virtue this kingdom has ever produced (Dean Swift), is famous for choosing to suffer death rather than swearing to an oath that would counter his principles. Sir More had acquired a high position of Lord Chancellery under the reign of King Henry VIII, but stepped down since he could not do what the king had asked of him since this action would conflictRead MoreA Man for All Season and Machiavellis Doctrine: Reiteration of History1924 Words   |  8 PagesA Man For All Season and Machiavellis Doctrine: Reiteration of History A Man For All Seasons, a play written by Robert Bolt, in essence is both a moral play and a historical play. Sir Thomas More, a man of the greatest virtue this kingdom has ever produced (Dean Swift), is famous for choosing to suffer death rather than swearing to an oath that would counter his principles. Sir More had acquired a high position of Lord Chancellery under the reign of King Henry VIII, but stepped down since heRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesNairobi Sà £o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford UniversityRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pages Strategic Human Resource Management, Second Edition by Charles R. Greer Copyright  © 2001, 1995 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. A Pearson Education Company Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Compilation Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Custom Publishing All rights reserved. This copyright covers material written expressly for this volume by the editor/s as well as the compilation itself. It does not cover the individual selections herein that first appeared elsewhere. ii Permission to reprint theseRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesregistered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford UniversityRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesT With Analysis by the Staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School Newspaper ST. MARTIN’S GRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -SchoolRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any

The Moral Education Theory Of Punishment - 957 Words

I would now like to further demark the limitations of power that the government can have over its’ citizens with the Parent/ Child versus Law argument presented by Jean Hampton in â€Å"The Moral Education Theory of Punishment†. Hampton says that parents are much more entitled to punish their children than any other institution, and particularly governments, as parents have the role of what Hampton dubs â€Å"moral paternalism,† which is to teach their children the entire content of morality. Other Philosophers such as John Stuart Mill have also rejected a role of paternalism in government and go even further and say that a law cannot restrict what an individual does to himself, â€Å"specifically, such philosophers as John Stuart Mill have rejected the state’s passing any law which would restrict what an individual can do to himself (as opposed to what he can do to another) (John Stuart Mill on Jean Hampton 218-219). This is also a principle that Nozick defends â€Å"to the right of persons to be left alone and live their own lives, provided they are not violating the rights of others† (Nozick 381). These limits agree with the origins of our legislation and I believe are quintessential to creating moral legislation as well as picking which actions are punishable by the state and which are not. In summary, what I find to be a valid moral justification theory of punishment incorporates the above mentioned limitations of law as explained by Hampton and Mill. Furthermore, I would like toShow MoreRelatedTheories Of Punishment994 Words   |  4 Pages2017 Punishment is defined as â€Å"the infliction or imposition of a penalty as retribution for an offense† (â€Å"Punishment†). Some prominent theories of punishment include retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and the moral education theory. Although retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation are all crucial components of punishment justification, independently the theories have weaknesses that avert the moral rationalization of punishment. I believe that Jean Hampton’s moral education theory is theRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development1684 Words   |  7 PagesIn American education, teachers are focused on the intellectual growth of students. However, as educators, teachers not only have the opportunity to grow students intellectually, but also more holistically. One crucial area of a student’s life that is impacted by education is their morality. This paper will explore Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, which addresses the idea of a person s progression of morality. It will first examine the concept of the theory and its founder. It will then followRead MoreExamining the Central Ideas Relating to Justice, Law and Punishment1114 Words   |  5 PagesJustice is associated with the notion of treating people equally and fairly. It is an important aspect of the social democracy that contributes to the legal and moral system of society, which implements the necessary laws and punishments. According to Plato reaching human excellence is synonymous with justice. A just state is where individuals work harmoniously together by doing the job for which they are most naturally fitted, whilst philosopher guardians rule to ensure that society maintains aRead MoreLawrence Kohlberg s Levels Of Morality1422 Words   |  6 Pages Lawrence Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality And How We Can Relate Ourselves to his Theory Sarah Blasco Tri-County Technical College LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S LEVELS OF MORALITY Abstract This purpose of this is to describe Kohlberg’s theory of morality in detail; I will describe each level that pertains to this theory and how they have affected me personally. Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral development is divided into three different levels; the first level is the preconventionalRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Development Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe theory of moral development was developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg and is a very interesting subject that stemmed from Jean Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning. this theory helped us to develop the understanding that morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors. This theory encompasses the ideas that moral reasoning, which is considered the basis for moral behavior, has six identifiable developmental stages. According to Kohlberg the six stagesRead MoreChapter 7. 7.1 What Is Deviance?. Deviance – Behavior That1447 Words   |  6 PagesContainmen t Theory suggests that strong moral standards and positive self-image can keep boys from becoming delinquent. †¢ Most crimes are committed by people who are psychologically normal. The Social Foundations of Deviance Three social foundations: 1. deviance varies according to cultural norms 2. people become deviant as others define them that way 3. how societies set norms and how they define rule breaking both involve social power 7.2 The Functions of Deviance: Structural-Functional Theories Durkheim’sRead More Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesdissertation, which explained his theory of the development of moral reasoning. This was dependent on Dewey’s and Piaget’s way of thinking.) Lawrence not only taught at the University of Chicago, but also at Harvard University, where his theory became popular through research studies that were conducted at Harvard’s Center for Moral Education. His theory pioneered the world of science between both positivists and behavioralists by the presentation of a new theory of moral development that would bridgeRead MoreIs it Ethical? Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of right and wrong. As children grow, their views on the world develop. Many will argue that children gain their morals from their parents; others say that children get their morals from the people that they interact with. The development of morals is a topic of controversy in both the scientific and philosophical/ethical communities. When thinking about higher education and the role ethics play on the individuals, many psychologists and other professions have considered whether or not universitiesRead MoreDurkheim s Theory Of Social Bonds1339 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished many sociological theories throughout his time that still are relevant today and have been studied by many sociologists during his time and now currently. One of the more popular theories that has been altered slightly but still used today is Durkheim’s Anomie Theory. The Anomie Theory has been studied by many other famous sociologists such as Robert King Merton and Robert Agnew. It eventually branched into what is now known as the Strain Theory. Currently, these theories are being changed andRead MoreRational Choice vs. Trait Theory Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesRational Choice Theory VS. Trait Theory Student Name Criminology : Park University Online Program In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the Rational Choice Theory(s) and the Trait Theory(s). We will start with the history of the two theories and progress toward some of the individual principles in the theories. Next step will be explaining how each theory contributes to criminal behavior. My closing paragraph will conclude

Ike Ethics And Society - 1324 Words

IKEA GB590: Ethics in Business and Society Unit 2 Assignment Nicola Jones Baker Prof: Jackie Deem January 16, 2016 Introduction In 1995 one of IKEA suppliers in India was named for using children for labor in a rug factory. This was alarming to the IKEA Corporation. This news could have been damaging to the entire company if the right preventive measures were not taken. IKEA had to decide on their viewpoint on child labor and then had to make sure that what they did then and in the future was adequate to society standards. They will be watching to make sure that IKEA is true to its word. Stakeholders Stakeholders are people who directly or indirectly affect a company’s ability to operate. In this case, employees, suppliers, customers, NGOs are stakeholders in the success of IKEA‘s operations. Without the stakeholders IKEA will not be able to function. Their part in the process is critical to the foundation and logic of the operation of IKEA’s global needs. The operation of a business take all the stakeholders working together to make it a success. Their actions could have a huge influence on the different segments of the IKEA. Everything that the stakeholders do will affect the operation. IKEA’s stakeholders’ actions in the public view could affect the way people value IKEA to society. The reports on television could cause the company many issues. If child labor was used by one of IKEA suppliers then society with believe that IKEA as aShow MoreRelatedHonda Company Business Plan1689 Words   |  7 PagesHONDA THE POWER OF DREAMS Sameen Kukar Bus115.05 11/29/2011 professor- Steven Saltzman Table of Contents Customers and Competitors Human Resources Globalization Code of Ethics Sustainability Information and Technology Operations Planning Leadership and Motivation Organization Finance Executive Summary. Sochrio Honda was the founder of the Honda Company. He spent Six years as an apprenticeRead More The Ethics in Securing the Internet Essay4456 Words   |  18 PagesThe Ethics in Securing the Internet Introduction In order to understand the concept of internet security and why it is necessary it would be worthy of analysis to discuss what would happen if not enough of it is provided, meaning that the levels of security are not utilized to the full extents. This is exactly where the big issue of hacking and hackers becomes involved. Hackers can benefit from a wide range of weaknesses in security, break into systems, find the information they need,Read MoreWater Happens To Be The Most Fundamental Element On Earth.1848 Words   |  8 Pagesrapidly coming to an end†¦we’re in for a rude shock.† (110) To back this fact, Fishman listed out the fateful stories of several cities and areas that failed to acknowledge this danger that we all face– the water crisis. Like, how the Hurricane Ike destroyed the supply of clean water sources in houses in Galveston, Texas and it was only after that, people there along with Fishman himself realized the true value of water. That it wasn’t all abundant. â€Å"You couldn’t trust the water you were showeringRead MoreExam Malpractice3683 Words   |  15 Pagesfor onward transfer via sms to other students anywhere in the country. Student’s personal digital assistants or cell phones can beam or cell data silently from across a classroom or with a cell phone from anywhere off the school environment. The society does not have control over its communication system. 2.4 Other forms Other forms of exam malpractice also known as Non-sophisticated forms include: sorting: This is a system whereby students negotiate with willing lecturers for undeserved scoresRead MoreBiography Of John Watson s Little Albert 2065 Words   |  9 Pagesnamed Watson after a Baptist minister with the ambition that her son would one day aspire to pursue a ministerial vocation (â€Å"John Watson (1878-1958)†, 2013). His mother’s strict views on faith led her to openly reject controversial vices of free society, such as drinking or smoking. Unlike his mother who held strict religious beliefs, his father’s contradictory lifestyle of drinking and extramarital affairs led him to leave their family in 1891 (Watson, 1999). Due to his familial controversiesRead MoreIkea s Internal And External Environment3102 Words   |  13 Pages 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND COMPANY OVERVIEW 2 2.0 IKEA INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT 2 2.1 PESTLE ANALYSIS OF IKEA 2 2.2 PORTER FIVE FORCES 5 2.3 SWOT ANALYSIS 7 3.0 IKEA LOCALISATION VS. GLOBALISATION STRATEGY. 8 4.0 CRS AND ETHICS 10 5.0 RECOMMENDATION 11 6.0 REFERENCE 12 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND COMPANY OVERVIEW IKEA is a global furniture retailer, which is established on the concept of contributing wide range of well designed, functional, and low cost home furnishing products in 40 countriesRead MoreEssay on Controversy Behind South Parks Ethics2585 Words   |  11 PagesControversy Behind South Parks Ethics South Park, the animated TV series aired on Comedy Central was created by Matt Stone and Trey Parker and is one of the many new shows that involve animation with high-level adult comedy that parodies current events going on across the United States and throughout the world. South Park is just one of many new shows that involve this sort of high end entertainment and they are taking the television ratings by storm. This show, along with others of its natureRead MoreSurviving The Wars : Binary Disintegrations Of Homosociality And Homosexuality3237 Words   |  13 Pagesis applied to such activities as ‘male bonding,’ which may, as in our society, be characterized by intense homophobia, fear and hatred of homosexuality (Sedgwick 696). Similarly to the way that the Great War confuses the notion of civic duty, it also muddles the binary between social and sexual, both of which become indistinguishable in Timothy Findley’s novel, The Wars (1977). Sedgwick states that â€Å"in any male-dominated society, there is a special relationship between male homosocial (including homosexual)Read More William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay5388 Words   |  22 Pagescase of Christmas, Hightower tries to save the man’s life by fabricating an alibi for Christmas. â€Å"Men!† he screams at the mob, â€Å"Listen to me. He was here that night. He was with me the night of the murder† (439). While Hightower’s situational ethics ultimately fail to save Joe Christmas from the hands of the racist mob, his intervention on Christmas’ behalf marks a major point on Hightower’s progression toward self-awareness, social engagement, and personal responsibility. What is interestingRead MoreThe Nature of Nature15064 Words   |  61 Pageslibera. :ions. True Freedom by Nature does not mean doing what you want to do -.henever you wish to do it; real freedom means having the opportunity and t 5~pport to do what is right to the best of your knowledge and ability as ; . ~:ctated by your society and the receipt of equal justice for all under I : :he law. Freedom of speach by Nature does not mean that one person should I:e allowed to slander and vilify another person because he or she wants to ! :r for a dramatic news story. True Freedom by

Auditing Theory Business Inventors

Question: Describe about the Auditing Theory for Business Inventors. Answer: Part I The role of the auditor is manifold. It is the universal rule that an auditor is responsible to the client and the third parties linked to him. The letter of engagement clearly prescribes that the claim of damages can be done to him by the client and other parties. The level of mistakes, as well as unprofessionalism, is not acceptable in any scenario because the parties depend on the notion framed by the auditor and act accordingly. In the event of falsification, the client can claim for damages. The mistakes can be ignored to a certain extent and considering this the auditor must ensure a flawless act (Carcello, 2012). In the present scenario, King and Queen were appointed as the auditor of Impulse since 2005. Being the auditor from the very beginning they made an unqualified report. The scenario of the company was amidst difficulties and liquidity crunch was present. However, as per the favorable report of the auditor, EFL granted a big loan to Impulse. The poor situation was overlooked by the auditor and hence, was a major loophole. The major component of the current assets is debtors, as well as inventories and it projects the ability of the company to meet the claims. It is a common parlance that before granting a loan to the company, the financial position and the auditors report are considered. On the basis of the findings, the loan is granted to the party (Carcello, 2012). The main rational of the company was to procure funds in the form of loan considering the requirements of cash and the services of debt, the cash scenario of the company are altered to a huge extent. Hence, in all probability, the loan provided by EFL is difficult to be recovered. Hence, king and Queen are liable to EFL. The audited report of the company was prepared by King and Queen and since the loan was provided considering the audited statement, EFL can sue the auditor. In the past there have been many instances of the fraud conducted by the auditors like the settlement of claims by Deloitte for failure of Bear Stearns, trial faced by Ernst and Young in class action suit, etc. There is always a probability that the auditor provides an opinion that is unqualified in nature when the financial statement tends to be misstated. It is termed as the audit risk and it is important that the auditor must use the judgement on the same and the errors that is material to ensure restatement of the financial statements (Hoffelder, 2012). Therefore, material misstatements might lead to wrong decision-making and the consequences of it need to be borne by the auditors if a true and fair view is provided by them. The main act of an auditor is to carry on his duties effectively. Hence, it implies that the auditor needs to consider all the steps and ensure that the compliance is done as per the regulations. When an audit engagement is done, it implies that the auditor has performed the task with due diligence and provide an independent decision that will be free from all the influences of the third parties or any other force (Lapsley, 2012). In the present case, King and Queen is an audit professional and is guided by the code of conduct that a fair audit engagement will be done and express an independent view on the financial statements. The auditor needs to trace the frauds that might be undertaken by the employees and the organization. If the auditor fails to trace such activities then the very objective of conducting an audit might fail to produce a result. The notions and the result of the auditors being considered for the valuable decision-making process and hence, the auditor need to ens ure strong compliance so that the very objective of conducting an audit is justified (Mock et. al, 2013). There are various decisions that depend entirely on the auditors report and hence, an auditor needs to pay due regard to the preparation of an audit report else it might lead to big errors. The third parties take decisions depending on the auditor report and it is assumed that the auditor has traced the irregularities. In this scenario EFL depended on the audited report provided by King and Queen and therefore, they are responsible for civil and criminal liabilities. Since it is the duty of the auditor to provide a report that is free from any material defects and is entirely responsible for the problem that arises due to the report. Therefore, King and Queen are completely responsible for the damages and should be asked to compensate for the loss that EFL has to bear. The case study provides a sound knowledge of the acts and duties of an auditor. An auditor is moral, as well as socially responsible for the acts in terms of reporting and preparing the report (Holland Lane, 2012). He nce, it is imperative that the auditor must conduct an analysis to the best of his ability and provide an unbiased report. This will justify the very objective of conducting an audit. Part 2 An audit is done so that it provides a reliable opinion that is free from any material defects so that others can use the audited report to take a material decision or any important decision-making process. Auditor independence can be defined as the reference to the freedom of the auditors from the parties that are lined to the organization and have a financial pecuniary (Niemi Sundgren, 2012). In this regard, the auditor whether internal or external auditor needs to be free from any material interest and should have the independent capacity. The preparation of the report should be done considering the principles of integrity, transparency, fairness, honesty and methods that vouch for objectivity and should not compromise on any of the matter that affects the judgment in a negative manner. As a matter of fact, this independence can be tagged as actual or perceived in nature (Holland Lane, 2012). The major principles that are linked to the independence of audit are integrity, compet ence, objectivity, confidentiality and professional manner. These features influence the auditor independence. When it comes to actual independence it is simple in nature and related to the accounts only. This leads to a general notion that the entire focus is one the accounts and is not linked with any other factors. This actual independence is affected when any financial transaction is traced apart from payment of fees for services of audit or in a link to any personal relationship (Gray et. al, 2011). On the contrary, perceived independence peers into the link between eh auditor, as well as client and strives to find that whether the auditor doing the audit is independent. It stresses on a direct connection with the other factors and the connection provides the main cause of discussion (Kalpan Williams, 2013). When an evaluation of the materiality concept is done, a member available in public or firm projects on the feature of qualitative or quantitative and whether it will have an adverse appeal on the objectivity of the firm. B (i). Bob is the audit assistant of Club Casino and uses the financial information for conducting an audit. In this scenario, client information that is confidential in nature is breached as material information is disclosed without any power that is specific in nature. In this scenario, it was of prime importance that the audit assistant should have taken the approval of the client while disclosing such information. A client might not be at ease if the information is used elsewhere without the consent even considering the fact that such disclosure might not harm him (Gilbert et. al, 2005). As per the confidential client information rules, a limitation is provided when and how to utilize the information. However, if the information is treated as confidential it might lead to the breach of the rules. Hence, the consent of the client plays an important part and influences the discharge of the responsibilities. (ii). The given case states that Wendy is the engagement partner on the audit of the Ace Limited for various years that and has effectively performed the secretarial function for six months as the role was vested by the organization due to the retirement of the company secretary who was holding office for a long time. As per the concerned rules that are section 90(2) of the companies Act 2008, an auditor who is appointed should not engage in any secretarial work as it might lead to the contravention. (iii). The given case study presents a question that whether Leo, assigned for the Precision Machinery testing in terms of internal control of the system of cash payment is in the status of providing an opinion that is impartial in nature because he is the eldest son of the clients factory foreman. It is the matter of audit independence and this attracts guidelines on the provision of services (non-audit in nature) by the companys auditor (Pepper, 2014). The guidelines denote that the auditor should not be related to the person who is in the employment of the company. Problems like that of evaluation and familiarity might arise on account of close link ups and that might spoil the entire audit process (Blay et. al, 2011). Therefore, when an auditor is linked to the external parties, the independent decision making is affected and hence cannot be treated to be totally accurate. (iv). In this scenario, professional ethics that is related to the auditor independence is a major concern. in this scenario, there might be the threat of self-interest on the auditors part of Chan Associates because of Furniture of Classic Reproductions Pvt. Limited are accepted that is a huge furniture wholesaler and is facing acute financial difficulties. Chan Associates was even provided a shareholding pattern of 25% of a listed company that is unrelated. The furniture worth comprises of 50% of the balance. It should be evaluated that the audit fees settlement should be in tune with the audit fee that is actual in nature and not higher than it. As a matter of fact, an area that is prone to risk comprises of financial interest that may influence the opinion of the audit (Klaus Martin, 2014). As per the regulations, it is imperative that the auditor should have any financial pecuniary because it damages the fair decision of the auditor and hence brings results that are error imp acted. Hence, it is the general notion and practice that the auditor should not be related to any external parties that have an interest in the report (Tepalagul Lin, 2015). This is an area of risk and needs to be tackled with greater precision as it might lead to immense problems. References Blay, A. D., Geiger, M. A. North, D.S 2011, The Auditor's Going-Concern Opinion as a Communication of Risk, Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 77- 102. Carcello, J 2012, What do investors want from the standard audit report?, CPA Journal, vol. 82, no. 12, pp. 12-23. Gilbert, W. Joseph J Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol.3, pp. 66-92 Gray, G. L., Turner, J. L., Coram, P. J. Mock, T. J 2011, Perceptions and misperceptions regarding the unqualified auditors report by financial statement preparers, users, and auditors, Accounting Horizons, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 112-156 Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Holland, K. Lane, J 2012, Perceived auditor independence and audit firm fees, Accounting and Business Research, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. pp.115-141. Kaplan, S. Williams, D 2013, Do going concern audit reports protect auditors from litigation? A simultaneous equations approach, The Accounting Review, vol. 88, no. 1, pp. 199-232. Klaus, R Martin, S 2014, The audit expectation gap: existence, causes, and the impact of change, London. Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292. Mock, T. J., Bdard, J., Coram, P., Davis, S., Espahbodi, R. and Warne, R 2013, The audit reporting model: Current research synthesis and implications, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, vol. 32, pp. 323-351. Niemi, L., Sundgren, S 2012, Are modified audit opinions related to the availability of credit? Evidence from Finnish SMEs, European Accounting Review, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 767-796. Pepper, A Gore, J 2014, The economic psychology of incentives: An international study of top managers, Journal of World Business, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 350-61. Tepalagul, N. Lin, L 2015, Auditor Independence and Audit Quality A Literature Review, Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, vol. 30, no. 1, pp.101-121.

Equity Securities/Tax and Estate Planning for Investment Law

Question: Discuss about theEquity Securities/Tax and Estate Planning for Investment Law. Answer: Bond Bond is also known as the security for fixed income and it is a debt instrument that is created for raising the capital. The bonds are generally regarded as the loan agreement among the investor and the issuer of bond where the issuer is obliged to pay certain specific amount at a specific date in future. When the investor purchases the bond he is loaning the amount to the issuer who generally raises the amount for any project. Most common risk associated with the bond is the risk of interest rate that is the risk that the prices of the bond will fall with the rise in the rates of interest. Through purchase of the bond, the bondholder commits to receive the fixed rate of return for the fixed term period. Various other risks associated with the bonds are the default risk, call risk, re-investment risk and inflation risk. Further, the coupon rate is affected if the interest rate in the market changed. Possible recurring incomes from bonds are from 2 ways interest payment that is known as the coupon over the lifetime of bond and from price fluctuation that depends on factors like interest rate (Bodie, 2013). Common stock Common stock is the securities that are represented by the equity ownership in any company, firm or organization. Common stock provides voting rights and enables the holder to get a share in the profit of the company through capital appreciation and dividend. However, in case of liquidation the common stock holder gets their right on the asset only after the preferred stockholders, debt holders and various other debt holders. Various risks associated with common stocks are the investment risk that is the prices are fluctuating and volatile. Further, there is lack of control as the success of the investor is dependent on the success of the company. Moreover, there is the risk regarding payment as in case of liquidation the preferred stock will not get paid till the higher rank of preferred debts are paid off. The dividend on common stocks is not guaranteed as the company at any time can eliminate or reduce the payment of dividend (Smith, 2015). Possible recurring incomes from bonds are from 2 ways capital gains through selling the stock of the company and dividend that is paid to the stock holder by the company. Preferred stock Like the common stock, the preferred stocks are represented by the equity ownership in any company, firm or organization. To be more specific, preferred stocks are rights on earnings and assets. as the name suggests, the preferred stocks carries few advantages like it gets the priority on getting the payment in case of bankruptcy and dividend. However, as like the common stock, preferred stock can also be sold and bought through the broker. Primary risks associated with the preferred stocks are that it is sensitive to the interest rates similar to the bonds as they pay fixed rate dividend. It is also exposed to industry sector risk as well as the credit risks. Further, it is associated with the call risk as most of the preferred shares are allowed to be redeemed on demand even before the date of actual redemption. Moreover, the dividend will not be pain if the company is not able to earn enough money to pay as dividend. Preference stock holder mainly gets recurring incomes through regular dividend Calculation of FCFF Given data EBIT 80.0 EBIT(1-T) 66.4 Capital expenditures 11.2 Depreciation and amortization 33.0 Increase in the net working capital 32.7 Interest payment 5.0 Tax rate 17% FCFF = EBIT(1-T) (Capital investment Depreciation) Additional investment in the working capital FCFF = 66.4 (11.2 33.0) 32.7 FCFF = 22.83 Calculation of FCFE FCFE = FCFF Loan repayments FCFE = 22.83 5 FCFE = 17.83 Impact of increasing dividend policy On FCFF The FCFF is free cash flow to the organization. Therefore, it involves all the free cash flows to the bond holders and the equity owners. However, if the company increases the payments of dividend, the equity owners will have more flow of cash from the dividends whereas they will be able to get less flow of cash from other sources. Bond holders will not be affected as the net dividends or incomes are not attributable to the bond holders (Pinto et al., 2013). Further, the entire cash flow to the bond holders as well as the equity owners will not change. On FCFE it is the free cash flow that is attributable to the equity. Therefore, it is quite obvious that it includes all the free cash flows to the equity owners containing the payments for dividends (Pinto et al., 2015). However, if the company increases the payment for dividends, the cash flow from other sources may reduce. Further, the total flow for free cash to the equity owners will not be affected. Impact on FCFF and FCFE due to interest rate change FCFF that is the free cash flow of any firm is the measure for the financial performance that states the total amount of cash generated for a company after taxes, expenses and the changes in investment and net working capital are deducted. On the other hand, the FCFE that is the free cash flow to the equity is the measure to analyse the amount of cash that can be distributed to equity shareholders of any company in form of stock buybacks or dividend after meeting all the expenses, debt repayments and reinvestment. The FCFE is also known as the levered free cash flow (Kumar, 2015). The FCFF can be calculated using the cash flow from the operations (CFO) or the net income. The computation of FCFF through CFO is same as the computation of FCF as the FCFF is that cash flow which is distributed to the investors containing the debt holders and interest expenses is the cash that is the cash available to the debt holders shall be added back. While valuing any firm, the FCF is to be calculated over number of years. Therefore, it is likely that the firma can change their financing policies during these long periods. Owing to this, the impact on the cash flow of required to be considered in the even t of changes in the financial policy. The analysts generally takes into consideration the factor that operation cost of the firm is likely to be changed. They take into account the factors like increase in the material cost, increase in the wages and the inflation (Kaviani, 2013). Impact on FCFF the total borrowing whether increased or paid back does not have any impact on the FCFF as the FCFF measures the cash flow created in the business and borrowing is not created in the business and therefore, the net effect of borrowing is zero (Rubio, 2015). Impact on FCFE the borrowing has an impact on FCFE as it is the cash that can be distributed to the shareholder if the management wishes so. However, unlike the company, that has to pay off the borrowing, equities do not have to pay off the borrowings and it is generally paid by from the operational cash flow (Alberro, 2015). Therefore, as the firm borrows money it becomes available to the equity which in turn increases the FCFE (Mielcarz Mlinari?, 2014). More the borrowings more the burden of interest and where no new borrowings are there, the firm has to pay the interest only. However, when the borrowing is paid back it will reduce the FCFE. Case study on Mr and Mrs Anthony Chan Soon Thoong Property tax is the tax on the property ownership. Further, it is not the tax on income that applies tax on the income from rent received by the property owner. Property tax becomes payable by all the owners of the property on property they own, irrespective of the fact that the property is occupied by the owner, let or or left vacant by the owner. However, if the property is leased, the tax on income is collected on rental income apart from the charges of property tax at the rate of 10% on the annual value. Further, if the property is occupied by the owner, the concessionary rate of tax can be claimed. At present the rate of tax on property is 10% of the annual value of property with the concessionary rate ranged from 0 to 6% for the homes occupied by the owner (Surico Trezzi, 2015). During 2013, the rebate with regard to HDB property tax was $ 40. Further, from 1st Jan 2014, the rate of tax on property shifted to the progressive system that is the Residential Property Tax Annual V alue and it was effective from 1st Jan 2014. Computation of net tax payable by Anthony Computation of income from employment and trade Particulars Amount Income Bonus for 5 months $ 35,000.00 Relevant course study $ 8,000.00 Exempt as incurred to enhance income $ (8,000.00) income from selling the books $ 12,500.00 Dividend received on stock portfolio $ 4,300.00 Total income of Anthony $ 51,800.00 Tax applicable 1st 20,000 $ - Next 10,000 @ 2% $ 200.00 Next 10,000 @ 3.5% $ 350.00 On balance amount $ 7% $ 826.00 Total income tax payable $ 1,376.00 Computation of property tax Particulars Amount Value of property $ 1,100,000.00 Tax applicable 1st 8,000 @ 0% $ - next 47,0000 @ 4% $ 1,880.00 next 15,000 @ 6% $ 900.00 next 15,000 @ 8% $ 1,200.00 Next 15,000 @ 10% $ 1,500.00 Next 15000 @ 12% $ 1,800.00 Next 15000 @ 14% $ 2,100.00 Balance amount @ 16% $ 155,200.00 Total property tax payable $ 164,580.00 Total tax payable by Anthony $ 165,956.00 Note Childcare relief is assumed to be availed by Mr. Anthonys wife Janet as she is also working and can file his return separately. In case of mortgage, Anthony will be liable to pay the stamp duty on the mortgage value. In case of sale of the property, the conveyancing lawyer will notify the new owner and the tax will be shared equally by Anthony and new owner. Therefore, Anthony will be liable to pay = 1,376 +(164,580*50%) = $ 83,666 Reference Alberro, J. (2015). Estimating Damages Using DCF: From Free Cash Flow to the Firm to Free Cash Flow to Equity (and Back).ICSID Review-Foreign Investment Law Journal,30(3), 689-698. Bodie, Z. (2013).Investments. McGraw-Hill. Kaviani, M. (2013). Study of information content economic value added in explain new models based on free cash flow (CVFCFF and CVFCFE).International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting,3(1), 277. Kumar, R. (2015).Valuation: Theories and concepts. Academic Press. Mielcarz, P., Mlinari?, F. (2014). The superiority of FCFF over EVA and FCFE in capital budgeting.Economic Research-Ekonomska IstraÃ… ¾ivanja,27(1), 559-572. Pinto, J. E., Henry, E., Robinson, T. R., Stowe, J. D. (2015).Equity asset valuation. John Wiley Sons. Pinto, J., Robinson, T. R., Rath, R. D., ASA, C. (2013). Equity Valuation. Rubio, A. (2015). How to Consider Excess Cash in Firm Valuation.Browser Download This Paper. Smith, E. L. (2015).Common stocks as long term investments. Pickle Partners Publishing. Surico, P., Trezzi, R. (2015). Consumer Spending and Property Taxes.